Bibliography

Carlos Maria de la Torre y Nava Cerrada  is considered the most beloved of the Spanish Governors-General ever assigned in the  Philippines  (1869–1871). He was the assigned  Governor-General  after the  La Gloriosa  revolution. ————————————————- [edit]Governor General of the Philippines A  Carlist  army officer, he was sent from  Spain  by  Francisco Serrano  after the ouster ofIsabel II  as result of the  La Gloriosa  revolution. He was considered a liberal Spaniard who practiced the liberal and democratic principles for imposing liberal  laws. 1]  He wanted to have the bronze statue of  Isabel II, first unveiled in 1860, melted so that it would be put to better use. However, the Manila City Council saved it by declaring the statue municipal property. [2] He established the  Guardia Civil  in the  Philippines  and gave a mnesty to rebels,[3]  of which the most prominent was Casimiro Camerino (El tulisan), the leader of bandits in Cavite. [4]He organized the bandits given amnesty into an auxiliary force of the  Guardia Civil. He abolished flogging, relaxed media censorship, and began limited secularization of education. 2]  He was also very close to the  ilustrados, a group of Filipinos who understood the situation of the Philippines under Spanish rule. His supporters had done a Liberal Parade in front of the  Malacanan Palace. [5] Only two weeks after the arrival of de la Torre as Governor-General, Burgos and Joaquin Pardo de Tavera led a demonstration at the Plaza de Santa Potenciana. Among the demonstrators were Jose Icaza, Jacobo Zobel, Ignacio Rocha, Manuel Genato and Maximo Paterno. The demo cry was â€Å"Viva Filipinas para los Filipinos! â€Å".In November 1870, a student movement, denounced as a riot or  motin, at the  University of Santo Tomasformed a committee to demand ref orms on the school and its curricula. It later announced support of Philippine autonomy and recognition of the Philippines as a province of Spain. The committee was headed by Felipe Buencamino. [6] Carlos was single and he had a mistress who had great influence on him. His mistress, Maria del Rosario Gil de Montes de Sanchiz, flared up friar opposition because of many reasons. One of the reasons was she authored a book entitled  El Hombre de Dios.It was criticized because a woman wrote it. [2] Another is during a festivity in  Malacanan Palace  that was mainly attended by Philippine creoles, who are now definitely called Filipinos. She arrived at the place wearing a ribbon which said  Viva la Libertad  (English: Long live libertty) and  Viva el Pueblo Soberano  (English: Long live the sovereign nation). [2] In March 1871, he wrote to Madrid concerning his decision to get relieved from his post. However, his patron in Spain was assassinated the previous month and orders for his relief was given nine days before his letter was written. 4]  He was succeeded by  Governor-GeneralRafael de Izquierdo. ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ——————————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- Maximo S.Viola Maximo Sison Viola  (1857-1933) was a physician, municipal councilor, and a supporter of the Propaganda Movement. Maximo Viola was known as the man who saved for posterity and financed the printing of  Jose Rizal's novel  Noli Me Tangere. Early life Maximo Viola was born on October 17, 1857 in Barrio Sta. Rita, San Miguel, Bulacan. He was the only child of Isabel Sison from Malabon, Rizal and Pedro Viola from San Rafael, Bulacan. Viola had his early education in San Miguel, Bulacan and completed a degree in Colegio de San Juan de Letr an in Intramuros, Manila.He took his pre-medical studies at the University of Santo Tomas. In 1882, he sailed to Spain and studied Medicine at the University of Barcelona, where he met other Filipino students, notably Jose Rizal, with whom he developed a close friendship. In 1886, Viola obtained his doctoral degree in medicine from the University of Barcelona. Viola was also supportive of other propagandists such as  Marcelo H. del Pilar, whom he aided financially. He returned to Philippines in 1887 and lived a full life until he died on September 3, 1933. ————————————————- edit]  Fellowship with Dr. Jose Rizal March 1887, Viola played an important role in the life of Jose Rizal, he financed the publication of Rizal's first novel Noli Me Tangere, which original manuscript had already planned to be destroy by Rizal because of financial inability to pay its publication. Thus, the first 2,000 copies of the novel were printed. In deep gratitude, Rizal gave him the last galley proofs and the first published copy, â€Å"To my friend, Maximo Viola, the first to read and appreciate my work-Jose Rizal, March 29, 1887, Berlin. † – Rizal wrote.On the same year, Viola and Rizal toured Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Switzerland where he personally met Ferdinand Blumentritt, one of Rizal’s foreigner friend and supporter. 1887, Dr. Viola returned to the Philippines and began his medical practice. In 1890, he married a native from San Miguel named Juana Roura, by whom he had five sons. However, two of them died in infancy. June 1892, he had a reunion with Rizal in Manila and learned about his friend’s fate, with his association with Rizal he was included to the watch list by the Spanish authorities and the Spanish Guardia Civil subjected his home in Bulacan had to a thorough inspection.In the peak of 1896 revolution, Viola went underg round to escape the harassment of the Spanish authorities. He was also a Manila military prison and later in Olongapo during his imprisonment, he assist Dr. Fresnell, an American doctor who was unfamiliar with tropical diseases. Fresnell later helped him secure his freedom. He was the president of Liga de Propietarios, who aided the owners of rice lands in San Miguel, Bulacan in opposing politicians who were courting the tenant’s votes at the expense of the landlords.When Manila Railroad line was being extended to Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija, Viola once again rallied the concerned landowners in preventing the prestigious British Company from taking over their land without appropriate reparations. Dr. Maximo Viola treated his impecunious patients for free and often resorted to simple remedies so that they would not have to spend, he would disinfect common snakebites by using matchsticks instead of prescribing expensive solutions. One of his hobby is designing and building furnitur e, in the 1920’s he proved his competence by winning awards for his furniture pieces displayed in several shows in Manila.In the later years, Viola wrote memoirs of his friendship with Rizal, it came out in three parts in the Spanish newspaper El Ideal, in June to 20, 1913. The English version was done by A. R. Roces, one of the eminent writers and it was published in the Manila Times on the December 30 and 31, 1950 and January 1, 1951 issues. On September 3, 1933, Dr. Viola, aged 76 died in Barrio San Jose in his hometown. Later, another house was constructed on the same lot where an heir of Pedro Viola lived. In 1962, a marker in honor of Dr.Viola was installed in San Miguel, Bulacan Pedro Serrano Lawtaw  (1853-1928) was a 19th-century reformist, Mason, and renowned lexicographer and educator. He is also known as the only Filipino tutor in the service of a Spanish king. ———————————— Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- [edit]  Early Life Pedro Serrano Laktaw was born on 24 October 1853 in  Kupang, Bulacan. His father was the lexicographer  Rosalio Serrana, and his mother was Juana Laktaw, who from early on fostered a love of language and literature on their sixth child.Pedro Serrano Laktaw obtained his degree of â€Å"maestro elemental† at the  Escuela Normal Superior de Maestros  in Manila and began his teaching career in 1877 in  San Luis, Pampanga. It was in Pampanga that he studied the local literature and folk traditions. His study entitled â€Å"Folklore Pampango† was included by  Isabelo de los Reyes  in the landmark book â€Å"El Folk-lore Filipino† and exhibited at the  Exposicion Filipinaheld in Madrid in 1887. ————————————————- [edit]  Involvement in the Propaganda MovementMoving back to his home provice of  Bulacan, he became a director of a  Malolos  school. It was at this time that he joined activiely in civic causes. Together with  Marcelo H. Del Pilar, Mariano Crisostomo, Jose Gatmaitan,  Mariano Ponce, he formed a benevolent association calledCaja de Jesus, Maria y Jose  to give scholarships to indigent children. Together with  Ambrosio R. Bautista,  Deodato Arellano,  Marcelo H. del Pilar  and  Doroteo Cortes, he helped form a  Comite de Propaganda  to extol democratic principles and expose friar abuses. Pedro Serrano Laktaw also co-authored with  Rafael Enriquez  and  Marcelo H. el Pilar  other satirical works, such as  Dasalan at Toksohan, andPasion dapat ipag-alab ng Puso ng taong babasa. This group continued to finance the publication of  La Solidaridad, even when  Marcelo H. del Pilar  left Manila for Barcelona to escape arrest. In 1887 he was awarded a government scholarship to study at the Escuela Normal of Salamanca, Spain. He took up postgraduate studies at the Escuela Normal in Madrid. He achieved renown as a teacher and was hired as a private tutor to the Prince of Asturias, who later became King  Alfonso XIII.He was acclaimed as the only Filipino tutor in the service of a Spanish king. In 1889 he compiled the first modern lexicography of the Tagalog language  Diccionario Hispano-Tagalog  to much notice. He issued the follow-up volume â€Å"Diccionario Tagalog-Hispano† in 1914. ————————————————- [edit]  Masonic Activities He was attracted by the ideals of fraternity and enlightenment and he was recruited into  Freemasonry, joining on 1 April 1889 the LodgeRevolucion  in Barcelona, Spain with  Graciano Lopez Jaena,  Jose Rizal,  Mariano Ponce,  Marcelo H.Del Pilar,  Jose Alejandrino,  Antonio Lunaand  Juan Luna. This lodge was later renamed to  Solidaridad No. 5. The Masonic grandmaster  Miguel Morayta  of the Spanish  Gran Oriente Espanol  designated Pedro Serrano Laktaw and  Antonio Luna  to establish  Freemasonry  in the Philippines. Returning to Manila in 1890 he helped found other Masonic lodges throughout the country. Working with an early Masonic recruit  Moises Salvador  and  Jose A. Ramos, who was based in London, he established the first all-Filipino lodge called  Nilad, which became the motherhouse of all lodges.It was officially recognized by the  Gran Oriente Espanol  the following year, with  Jose A. Ramos  designated as head and Serrano as its first secretary. His Masonic name was  Panday Pira, a legendary cannon maker of the 16th century. In Manila he was arrested for his masonic proselytizing and later released by Governor-General  Ramon Blanco y Erenas. For having renounced the Masonic movement, he was expelled from the organization on 16 April 1893. Thereafter he wrote for  Espana Ori ental  and  Revista Catolica de Filipinas.In the second half of the  Philippine Revolution  he resumed his propagandistic career, writing articles for  El Heraldo de la Revolucion. He continued writing nationalistic articles under the American regime, for other organs such as  Ang Bayan,  Ang Kapatid ng Bayanand  Kalayaan. He cemented his reputation as a lexicographer and grammarian when he pulished  Diccionario Tagalog-Hispano  in 1914. Together with his earlier volume  Diccionario Hispano-Tagalog, the two books were described as the only lexicographical studies of scientific value by an American linguist Leonard Bloomfield.His  Estudios Gramaticales Sobre la Lenga Tagalog  was published posthumously published in 1929 and today he is remembered as one of the spelling reformers of the Tagalog language, along with  Jose Rizal  and  Trinidad Pardo de Tavera. Pedro Serrano Laktaw married Roberta Buison in 1887 by whom had 13 children, including Rosalio, Jr. , Pedro, Isidro, Jose, Manuel, Consuelo, Balbino, Hermenegildo, Pedring, Teresa, Patricio. He died on 22 September 1928 and was buried in  Mandaluyong, Rizal. Bibliography Carlos Maria de la Torre y Nava Cerrada  is considered the most beloved of the Spanish Governors-General ever assigned in the  Philippines  (1869–1871). He was the assigned  Governor-General  after the  La Gloriosa  revolution. ————————————————- [edit]Governor General of the Philippines A  Carlist  army officer, he was sent from  Spain  by  Francisco Serrano  after the ouster ofIsabel II  as result of the  La Gloriosa  revolution. He was considered a liberal Spaniard who practiced the liberal and democratic principles for imposing liberal  laws. 1]  He wanted to have the bronze statue of  Isabel II, first unveiled in 1860, melted so that it would be put to better use. However, the Manila City Council saved it by declaring the statue municipal property. [2] He established the  Guardia Civil  in the  Philippines  and gave a mnesty to rebels,[3]  of which the most prominent was Casimiro Camerino (El tulisan), the leader of bandits in Cavite. [4]He organized the bandits given amnesty into an auxiliary force of the  Guardia Civil. He abolished flogging, relaxed media censorship, and began limited secularization of education. 2]  He was also very close to the  ilustrados, a group of Filipinos who understood the situation of the Philippines under Spanish rule. His supporters had done a Liberal Parade in front of the  Malacanan Palace. [5] Only two weeks after the arrival of de la Torre as Governor-General, Burgos and Joaquin Pardo de Tavera led a demonstration at the Plaza de Santa Potenciana. Among the demonstrators were Jose Icaza, Jacobo Zobel, Ignacio Rocha, Manuel Genato and Maximo Paterno. The demo cry was â€Å"Viva Filipinas para los Filipinos! â€Å".In November 1870, a student movement, denounced as a riot or  motin, at the  University of Santo Tomasformed a committee to demand ref orms on the school and its curricula. It later announced support of Philippine autonomy and recognition of the Philippines as a province of Spain. The committee was headed by Felipe Buencamino. [6] Carlos was single and he had a mistress who had great influence on him. His mistress, Maria del Rosario Gil de Montes de Sanchiz, flared up friar opposition because of many reasons. One of the reasons was she authored a book entitled  El Hombre de Dios.It was criticized because a woman wrote it. [2] Another is during a festivity in  Malacanan Palace  that was mainly attended by Philippine creoles, who are now definitely called Filipinos. She arrived at the place wearing a ribbon which said  Viva la Libertad  (English: Long live libertty) and  Viva el Pueblo Soberano  (English: Long live the sovereign nation). [2] In March 1871, he wrote to Madrid concerning his decision to get relieved from his post. However, his patron in Spain was assassinated the previous month and orders for his relief was given nine days before his letter was written. 4]  He was succeeded by  Governor-GeneralRafael de Izquierdo. ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ——————————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- Maximo S.Viola Maximo Sison Viola  (1857-1933) was a physician, municipal councilor, and a supporter of the Propaganda Movement. Maximo Viola was known as the man who saved for posterity and financed the printing of  Jose Rizal's novel  Noli Me Tangere. Early life Maximo Viola was born on October 17, 1857 in Barrio Sta. Rita, San Miguel, Bulacan. He was the only child of Isabel Sison from Malabon, Rizal and Pedro Viola from San Rafael, Bulacan. Viola had his early education in San Miguel, Bulacan and completed a degree in Colegio de San Juan de Letr an in Intramuros, Manila.He took his pre-medical studies at the University of Santo Tomas. In 1882, he sailed to Spain and studied Medicine at the University of Barcelona, where he met other Filipino students, notably Jose Rizal, with whom he developed a close friendship. In 1886, Viola obtained his doctoral degree in medicine from the University of Barcelona. Viola was also supportive of other propagandists such as  Marcelo H. del Pilar, whom he aided financially. He returned to Philippines in 1887 and lived a full life until he died on September 3, 1933. ————————————————- edit]  Fellowship with Dr. Jose Rizal March 1887, Viola played an important role in the life of Jose Rizal, he financed the publication of Rizal's first novel Noli Me Tangere, which original manuscript had already planned to be destroy by Rizal because of financial inability to pay its publication. Thus, the first 2,000 copies of the novel were printed. In deep gratitude, Rizal gave him the last galley proofs and the first published copy, â€Å"To my friend, Maximo Viola, the first to read and appreciate my work-Jose Rizal, March 29, 1887, Berlin. † – Rizal wrote.On the same year, Viola and Rizal toured Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Switzerland where he personally met Ferdinand Blumentritt, one of Rizal’s foreigner friend and supporter. 1887, Dr. Viola returned to the Philippines and began his medical practice. In 1890, he married a native from San Miguel named Juana Roura, by whom he had five sons. However, two of them died in infancy. June 1892, he had a reunion with Rizal in Manila and learned about his friend’s fate, with his association with Rizal he was included to the watch list by the Spanish authorities and the Spanish Guardia Civil subjected his home in Bulacan had to a thorough inspection.In the peak of 1896 revolution, Viola went underg round to escape the harassment of the Spanish authorities. He was also a Manila military prison and later in Olongapo during his imprisonment, he assist Dr. Fresnell, an American doctor who was unfamiliar with tropical diseases. Fresnell later helped him secure his freedom. He was the president of Liga de Propietarios, who aided the owners of rice lands in San Miguel, Bulacan in opposing politicians who were courting the tenant’s votes at the expense of the landlords.When Manila Railroad line was being extended to Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija, Viola once again rallied the concerned landowners in preventing the prestigious British Company from taking over their land without appropriate reparations. Dr. Maximo Viola treated his impecunious patients for free and often resorted to simple remedies so that they would not have to spend, he would disinfect common snakebites by using matchsticks instead of prescribing expensive solutions. One of his hobby is designing and building furnitur e, in the 1920’s he proved his competence by winning awards for his furniture pieces displayed in several shows in Manila.In the later years, Viola wrote memoirs of his friendship with Rizal, it came out in three parts in the Spanish newspaper El Ideal, in June to 20, 1913. The English version was done by A. R. Roces, one of the eminent writers and it was published in the Manila Times on the December 30 and 31, 1950 and January 1, 1951 issues. On September 3, 1933, Dr. Viola, aged 76 died in Barrio San Jose in his hometown. Later, another house was constructed on the same lot where an heir of Pedro Viola lived. In 1962, a marker in honor of Dr.Viola was installed in San Miguel, Bulacan Pedro Serrano Lawtaw  (1853-1928) was a 19th-century reformist, Mason, and renowned lexicographer and educator. He is also known as the only Filipino tutor in the service of a Spanish king. ———————————— Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- [edit]  Early Life Pedro Serrano Laktaw was born on 24 October 1853 in  Kupang, Bulacan. His father was the lexicographer  Rosalio Serrana, and his mother was Juana Laktaw, who from early on fostered a love of language and literature on their sixth child.Pedro Serrano Laktaw obtained his degree of â€Å"maestro elemental† at the  Escuela Normal Superior de Maestros  in Manila and began his teaching career in 1877 in  San Luis, Pampanga. It was in Pampanga that he studied the local literature and folk traditions. His study entitled â€Å"Folklore Pampango† was included by  Isabelo de los Reyes  in the landmark book â€Å"El Folk-lore Filipino† and exhibited at the  Exposicion Filipinaheld in Madrid in 1887. ————————————————- [edit]  Involvement in the Propaganda MovementMoving back to his home provice of  Bulacan, he became a director of a  Malolos  school. It was at this time that he joined activiely in civic causes. Together with  Marcelo H. Del Pilar, Mariano Crisostomo, Jose Gatmaitan,  Mariano Ponce, he formed a benevolent association calledCaja de Jesus, Maria y Jose  to give scholarships to indigent children. Together with  Ambrosio R. Bautista,  Deodato Arellano,  Marcelo H. del Pilar  and  Doroteo Cortes, he helped form a  Comite de Propaganda  to extol democratic principles and expose friar abuses. Pedro Serrano Laktaw also co-authored with  Rafael Enriquez  and  Marcelo H. el Pilar  other satirical works, such as  Dasalan at Toksohan, andPasion dapat ipag-alab ng Puso ng taong babasa. This group continued to finance the publication of  La Solidaridad, even when  Marcelo H. del Pilar  left Manila for Barcelona to escape arrest. In 1887 he was awarded a government scholarship to study at the Escuela Normal of Salamanca, Spain. He took up postgraduate studies at the Escuela Normal in Madrid. He achieved renown as a teacher and was hired as a private tutor to the Prince of Asturias, who later became King  Alfonso XIII.He was acclaimed as the only Filipino tutor in the service of a Spanish king. In 1889 he compiled the first modern lexicography of the Tagalog language  Diccionario Hispano-Tagalog  to much notice. He issued the follow-up volume â€Å"Diccionario Tagalog-Hispano† in 1914. ————————————————- [edit]  Masonic Activities He was attracted by the ideals of fraternity and enlightenment and he was recruited into  Freemasonry, joining on 1 April 1889 the LodgeRevolucion  in Barcelona, Spain with  Graciano Lopez Jaena,  Jose Rizal,  Mariano Ponce,  Marcelo H.Del Pilar,  Jose Alejandrino,  Antonio Lunaand  Juan Luna. This lodge was later renamed to  Solidaridad No. 5. The Masonic grandmaster  Miguel Morayta  of the Spanish  Gran Oriente Espanol  designated Pedro Serrano Laktaw and  Antonio Luna  to establish  Freemasonry  in the Philippines. Returning to Manila in 1890 he helped found other Masonic lodges throughout the country. Working with an early Masonic recruit  Moises Salvador  and  Jose A. Ramos, who was based in London, he established the first all-Filipino lodge called  Nilad, which became the motherhouse of all lodges.It was officially recognized by the  Gran Oriente Espanol  the following year, with  Jose A. Ramos  designated as head and Serrano as its first secretary. His Masonic name was  Panday Pira, a legendary cannon maker of the 16th century. In Manila he was arrested for his masonic proselytizing and later released by Governor-General  Ramon Blanco y Erenas. For having renounced the Masonic movement, he was expelled from the organization on 16 April 1893. Thereafter he wrote for  Espana Ori ental  and  Revista Catolica de Filipinas.In the second half of the  Philippine Revolution  he resumed his propagandistic career, writing articles for  El Heraldo de la Revolucion. He continued writing nationalistic articles under the American regime, for other organs such as  Ang Bayan,  Ang Kapatid ng Bayanand  Kalayaan. He cemented his reputation as a lexicographer and grammarian when he pulished  Diccionario Tagalog-Hispano  in 1914. Together with his earlier volume  Diccionario Hispano-Tagalog, the two books were described as the only lexicographical studies of scientific value by an American linguist Leonard Bloomfield.His  Estudios Gramaticales Sobre la Lenga Tagalog  was published posthumously published in 1929 and today he is remembered as one of the spelling reformers of the Tagalog language, along with  Jose Rizal  and  Trinidad Pardo de Tavera. Pedro Serrano Laktaw married Roberta Buison in 1887 by whom had 13 children, including Rosalio, Jr. , Pedro, Isidro, Jose, Manuel, Consuelo, Balbino, Hermenegildo, Pedring, Teresa, Patricio. He died on 22 September 1928 and was buried in  Mandaluyong, Rizal.